24. The Companion Effect Rule, New rules of relativity theory
There are several principles in relativity. There is the principle of invariant light speed in special relativity, and the equivalence principle in general relativity. These principles are an absolute and essential requirement in describing relativity.
However, these principles alone cannot describe all of relativity. The basic ideas, mathematical tools and basic promises that mankind has built up to date must be guaranteed. If these basic promises are not followed, we cannot talk about anything.
Arrangement of things about arithmetic, basic promises about functions, rules about space-time diagram, scientific terms ... These are basically things that need to be kept in mind. If we do not trust each other about these things, we cannot really discuss the theory of relativity.
In fact, because we did not follow these basic rules, there were some difficult problems with the theory of relativity. So to correct it, we have to create a new rule. Now, let's start with the story.
Independent and dependent variables
Let me start with a mathematical story. Perhaps you all know about the independent variables and dependent variables, but I will go over once more. Below is some function f(x).
If you assign a specific value to x, the result is the value of y. x can change independently, but y does not. Depending on what value you assign to x, the value of y depends on it. So y is called a dependent variable. Obviously, x is an independent variable and y is a dependent variable. Suppose you have the following equation:
Here, the functions f (x), g (x), and k (x) are all different. However, the independent variables are all equal to x. At this time, there is only one independent variable x but three dependent variables. y, w, and z are all dependent variables. That is, y, w, and z cannot be changed independently. x is a dependent variable that inevitably moves accordingly as it changes. I do not think there will be any objections up until now.
Three Dimensions of Relativity
Now, let's come back to the theory of relativity and look at it again. The conclusions of the theory of relativity we know about length, time, and mass are as follows. It is length contraction, time dilation, mass increase. The equation is shown below.
Where v is an independent variable and L, T, and M are dependent variables. Therefore, L, T, and M cannot change at will. As v varies, the three variables must change dependently. In relativity, these three equations are called 'length contraction', 'time dilation', and 'mass increase'. As the speed of the object increases, the length shrinks, the time delays, and the mass increases. There is no problem here.
Now, think about whether this is possible. The length shrinks and the time is dilated, Can it happen that only the mass decreases? Such a thing cannot happen. If so, it is a rule violation. If time delays and masses also increase, can length increase? If length contraction is correct, this can never happen. When this happens, the theory of relativity collapses.
The Companion Effect Rule
If we look closely at the equation below, we can see that all three equations for length contraction, time dilation, and mass increase all involve v. However, since v is an independent variable and L, T, and M are dependent variables, the effects of length contraction, time dilation, and mass increase always occur together. When an object moves faster, its length shrinks and time increases, but not only the mass becomes smaller. Now, it's a good idea to clear this up. Let's put a name for this once and for all. Let's call it The Companion Effect Rule.
Companion effect Rule:
When an object moves fast,
length contraction, time dilation and mass increase effect.
These always happen together.
If you think that this companion effect rule is not theoretically worthy, I would appreciate it if you leave the reason in the comment. I think there will be no objection. This is a very clear and legitimate requirement.
Application of companion effect rules
It has been more than 100 years since the theory of relativity has been published. Over the past 100 years, much experimental evidence of the theory of relativity has been researched and discovered. Time dilation and mass increases are now accumulating enough proof to be common sense. However, no experimental evidence has yet been found for length contraction. Is it not a little strange?
If anyone claims that muon's sea level reach is evidence of length contraction, I would appreciate your reference to the following post. If you read this post to the end, I think you can understand why.
So far, we have summarized the concept of a companion effect rule. Let's apply it to four experiments and see what conclusions can be drawn. The four experiments are shown below.
1. Transverse Doppler Effect
2. Muon particles reach sea level
3. The phenomenon that the muon in particle accelerator makes long-distance flight
4. The phenomenon of satellite long distance flight from GPS
Let us look at each of these four experiments one by one. If we think that we are right, mark O, otherwise let X be.
(1) Transverse Doppler effect
Let's first look at the transverse Doppler effect. The transverse Doppler effect is a measure of relativistic effects when a exited hydrogen atom is rapidly turned into an experimental device that rotates like a centrifuge. The experimental equipment is shown below.
The transverse Doppler effect we should pay attention to is as follows.
νo is the frequency of the hydrogen atom before rotation. And ν is the frequency observed during rapid rotation. Since the value in the root is always less than 1, the frequency always decreases when the hydrogen atom rotates rapidly. This means that the vibration of the hydrogen atom is slowed down.
Let's look at relativistic effects here. The time dilation effect was shown because the frequency was reduced. And although we did not measure it, it would have been mass-increasing. So where did the length contraction effect appear? No matter how long you try to find a length contraction effect, you cannot find it. In the picture below, the length is not the contraction but the length is increased. Take a look at the picture below.
Assuming that the length has expanded rather than the length contraction, it will be interpreted correctly. In conclusion, we could not find the effect of 'time dilation-length contraction' in the transverse Doppler effect experiment but we could find the effect of 'time dilation-length expansion'.
For more information, click the link below.
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The second is to look at the phenomenon of sea surface arrival of muon particles. This is also called 'muon paradox', but the point is that the muon, which cannot reach the sea level theoretically, has actually reached sea level. From the muon's point of view, there are people claiming that the earth is moving fast and that the earth is shrinking, but you should not make such a claim before the earth presents the shrunk photograph or evidence. It is a speculative philosophy that goes beyond scientific thinking.
The person observing the muon apparently did not observe the earth on the muon, but observed the muon on the earth. There is no evidence from the muon to observe the earth. However, the data of observing the muons on the earth are as follows.
Frisch, David H. and Smith, James H., “Measurement of the Relativistic Time Dilation Using μ-Mesons”, Am. J. Phys., 32. 342.
This data clearly observe the muons on the Earth, not on the muons. Obviously the theoretical value is that the muon can run about 650m, and the experimental result is that the muon move a distance of 10km or more. This is a clear fact.
This can be explained by the time dilation. The time that a muon can run by itself is 2.2 μsec, which can reach 30 times the time dilates and reach sea level. Let's look at the length. Muon can be run 650 meters by nature. However, if the length is contracted by 30 times, it can only run about 20 meters. So we cannot reach sea level. Therefore, length contraction is not observed in this experiment.
But let's think about the expansion of the length. The distance that muon can move is 650m, but when the length expands and it increases about 30 times, it is about 10km. We can explain it easily. Now let's apply the companion effect rule once to this experiment. The three effects of relativity always happen together.
When observing the muons on Earth, there was a time dilation. So when observing muons on Earth, the effect of length contraction must also occur. Where can we find the length contraction effect? It is a foul to say that you can look at the muon. Since the time dilation has been observed on Earth, length contraction must also be observed on earth. That is to satisfy the companion effect rules.
Time and length are both dependent variables of velocity v. Here, of course, speed is an independent variable, and time, length, and mass are only dependent variables. So it must happen together as a dependency. But why cannot we find the effect of length contraction? It's simple. As the ether did not exist from the beginning, the length contraction did not exist from the beginning.
Length contractions are not found, but 'time dilation - length expansion' is found too naturally. Trying to divide by distance or length is meaningless. The length is defined as distance, and the length does not mean rigid body. In essence, there is no rigid body in our universe.
If you would like to know more about this, please click on the link below.
The third is 'long-distance flight of muon particles in particle accelerator'. Muon's relativistic effects are found in the earth's atmosphere, but are also found in particle accelerators. When the particle accelerates and collides rapidly, the muon is generated and disappears. At this time, we can check the relativistic effect of the muon.
There is a particle accelerator in the picture above. Theoretically, a muon should be created in A point and then extinguished in C point. This is a classically expected value. However, the muon is actually found in far more distant D point.
The muon is found in D point farther than the theoretical estimate
This is a fact that no one can deny. A theory is a good theory if you explain it well, and it is a bad theory if you cannot explain it. Let's apply the companion effect rule. Time dilation and length contraction must always occur together. Because the muon is flying at a relativistic speed, it arrives at D point when it predicts by the time delay. However, when interpreted as a length contraction, it arrives at B point.
We are not talking about probabilistic relativity, nor is it about quantum entanglement. There is no probabilistic factor in relativism at all. Why does length contraction explain the natural phenomena? With the companion effect rule, there is no room for length contractions to make excuses.
It is a recurring story, but length contraction is a theory that exists only in the notes from the beginning. In this experiment, we can confirm that the phenomenon that accompanies the time dilation is the length expansion rather than the length contraction.
The fourth is about GPS. Currently, GPS satellites are flying very fast at altitudes over 20,000 km. Therefore, these satellites must consider special relativistic speed effects. The outline of the effect is as follows.
In other words, the theory of length contraction does not explain the relativistic effects of GPS. This is an obvious fact. The length change that accompanies the time dilation is the length expansion, not the length contraction.
When we talked about what we talked about so far, length contractions were not always accompanied by time delays. Conversely, however, it can be seen that any time delay is accompanied by a length expansion.
If this table is true, the length contraction hypothesis should be removed from the theory of relativity. If you are supporting length contractions, please find loopholes in the table above. And I would appreciate your criticism.
The fourth is about GPS. Currently, GPS satellites are flying very fast at altitudes over 20,000 km. Therefore, these satellites must consider special relativistic speed effects. The outline of the effect is as follows.
Considering the speed effect of the satellite, it moves 10.4 meters more than a classic value a year. This can be accurately explained by the "time dilation" of the theory of relativity. Time delay effect occurs because satellite is moving fast. So the satellite can move 10.4 meters further, because it moves longer. Let's apply the companion effect rule here.
The satellite actually moved 10.4 meters further, but the length contraction is claimed to be 10.4 meters shorter. Do time dilation and length contraction coexist together and appear together? No they don't. These two never came together and appeared together. This is a phenomenon that occurs in GPS, which requires very high precision.
In other words, the theory of length contraction does not explain the relativistic effects of GPS. This is an obvious fact. The length change that accompanies the time dilation is the length expansion, not the length contraction.
When we talked about what we talked about so far, length contractions were not always accompanied by time delays. Conversely, however, it can be seen that any time delay is accompanied by a length expansion.
If this table is true, the length contraction hypothesis should be removed from the theory of relativity. If you are supporting length contractions, please find loopholes in the table above. And I would appreciate your criticism.
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